The Washoe Indian Tribe of Nevada Essay Example for Free

The Washoe Indian Tribe of Nevada Essay The Washoe Indians resided around Lake Tahoe in Nevada and nearby the Great Basin. The Native American People lived near the western Great Basin, where the Washoe lands were the first areas to be settled. For reasons of survival, the Washoe Indian tribe migrated to more economically feasible areas, due to the loss of their hunting grounds, in the valley and their prior ways of life were taken over by farms that needed hired hands, and the large demand for charcoal and lumber. The Washoe tribes moved toward the cities and areas that held employment, where they could support themselves and their families and other areas where farms and ranches were available to them for sources of employment. Before the Washoe tribe met up with Europeans, the Washoe people’s territory was surrounded by the southern shore of the Honey Lake in the north, and west fork of the Walker River in the south and the Sierra Nevada crest in west and the first range east of the Sierra Nevada in the east. Usually the Washoe tribe would spend their summers in the Sierra Nevada, while they would move to the east mountain ranges and when winter rolled in, they would spend the cold months, plus the spring season in the valleys between the east and west areas. â€Å"The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California is a federally recognized, self-governing tribe headquartered in Gardnerville, Nevada. It was organized pursuant to the Indian Reorganization Act of June, 18, 1934, as amended.† we learn from the Government Home of Nevada and California. (Honoring our Elders, 2007) â€Å"The Washoe Tribe is a sovereign nation and has supreme authority over the Washoe people, tribal lands, and its own operations.† We are also told that, â€Å"The tribal government has jurisdiction over trust and allotments in both Nevada and California, with additional tribal trust parcels located in Alpine, Placer, Sierra, Douglas, Carson and Washoe Counties.† These counties are governed by a Tribal Council and Chairman, the Washoe Tribe in which the tribe is led. (Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California, 2007) â€Å"In a personal committee announcement, for the Washoe Indian Tribe, we learn that â€Å"The Washoe Indian Tribe Human Resources Department is seeking interested tribal members to serve on the Personnel Committee.† This Indian Council meets monthly in making recommendations for the Tribal Council with regards to employment related issues. Any individuals, who are chosen to serve on the Indian committee, must be enrolled as a Washoe Tribal member. We learn from (Honoring Our Elders, 2007) that, â€Å"The Washoe Tribe of Nevada and California operates a variety of grant-funded programs†, which are used for schools, including Head Start Programs and Native Temporary Assistance to Needy Families is used to promote healthy and thoughtful development of children and their families in Washoe communities. The Washoe Indians are self contained and remain a great part of our Native American history. Reference Page Washoe Tribe of California and Nevada. (2007) Programs Honoring Our Elders. (2007) The Government Home of Nevada and California. Washoe Tribe of California and Nevada. (2007) Personnel Committee Announcement.

interview :: essays research papers

Tuesdays With Morrie For the past day or two I have spent time with my sister, discussing different topics with her about life. I closely observed her feelings and I recorded what she had to say. We talked about regrets- Ever since my sister Erin started school she got excellent grades. She doesn’t really have any regrets. She only regrets some choices she made with her friends. She thinks she could have picked better friends because she doesn’t have any true friends. She also wished that she stayed with the sports she played in the past. She was good at softball and she was alright at street hockey. She thinks that if she still played softball that she would probably be playing for Mainland. Other then that she doesn’t have any more regrets that she wishes to share. We talked about death- "Death is a horrible time in a young persons’ life, but once you get older you realize that there is no stopping it." Erin tries not to think about death that much because she knows when it’s time it’s time. "Losing a person you love one of the worst things that can happen to you, but as long as you keep him/her in your heart there is nothing to be scared of. Death is a big topic on the news now a days. Whenever I turn on the News I always happen to catch a broadcast about someone who has killed another person. That is all Erin had to say. We talked about family- "I love my family, especially my brother, and I’ll do anything for them. I may not have the biggest and the best family but we all usually get along. Sometimes I fight with my parents but they know that I love them a lot. I also fight with my brother but he is cool, sometimes. Without love for your family you are nothing. You should always have faith for your family and friends. If I had another family then the one I have now I would be very upset." We talked about the fear of aging- Erin is not afraid of aging. Soon she will be driving. Erin is almost 17. She is older and wiser then me so she knows what it is like to be "old". " I am going to be old one day, but I hope it isn’t soon.

Benefits of Distance Learning Essay

The benefits of distance learning are apparent as distance learning aims at meeting student’s needs. The offered outline is composed according to student’s needs and abilities. The most important factor affecting many future students who are willing to study is financial problems. Therefore firstly they consider financial benefits of any type of learning. Ability to take part-time job along with ability to save money plays an important role in choosing studying course. Students having financial problems also consider benefits in time management and distance learning gives the opportunity to study when it is convenient for a student. Therefore time management benefits have to follow financial ones. Furthermore, effectiveness of studying process is also a matter of concern for future students. Ability to correspond with teachers and other students via e-mail, telephone and chat rooms offers wide range of studying opportunities. Constant access to on-line libraries and data bases affects student’s choice. Students having full-time and part-time jobs would be able to pass exams during their available time. Finally, social benefits take the last place, because considerations about financial and studying benefits are more important in modern society as education is very expensive and one firstly thinks abut the ability to pay for the course and only then about the opportunities to lead social life. References Distance Learning Benefits. (2005). Retrieved October, 27, 2006, from http://www. distance-learning-college-guide. com/distance-learning-benefits. html

Self Reflection Paper - 760 Words

I wonder if everyone, despite their varying backgrounds from one another, has experienced â€Å"imposter syndrome† at some point in their life. There are numerous ways in which one can feel out of place, as I can firmly attest to. I feel like an outsider all of the time. Dating back as far as my early childhood, my personality and my interpretation of my personality, has lead me to believe that something is very wrong with me. Why am I so different from the outgoing and energetic people I see in movies and even in my everyday life? Why are there so many misconceptions about people like me, and why am I starting to actually believe that they are true? I can recall many experiences in my life in which I have felt inadequate compared to my†¦show more content†¦For example, I volunteered at an organization called Tutoring Plus, where I provided helpful tutoring and valuable mentorship to a sixth grade student. Eventually, I created my own private tutoring â€Å"companyâ €  in which I provide tutoring and mentorship to students in grades 3-8. Similarly, I am the oldest of five children, and I truly embrace the role of a big brother to all of my siblings. From helping them with homework, or cheering them up when they are down, to simply providing a shoulder to lean on. At one point in my life I would have thought that that I was unable to provide such great support to my community, but now I have realized that not only can I provide support but I can provide extraordinary support that truly makes my community a better place. In the spring of my junior year of high school I even campaigned for student council president, solidifying the fact that leadership can come in all shapes and size, and more importantly, all personality types. After a successful campaign, I ended up winning the position for president and immediately began preparing for all the changes I would work on to improve my school. Following my election there were many who were very proud of me and excited for the changes that I plan on working towards, while there were others who believed I was not the right guy for the job. â€Å"How do we have a president who doesShow MoreRelatedReflection Paper On Self Reflection757 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-Reflection paper I cannot help but think how useful this course has been. Reflecting on the content covered over the course of this semester I have seen growth, and how changes on my lesson plan that not only benefited every student but also changed my focused in using different methods of instruction to fit the needs of every individual student. I truly enjoyed that the course was divided into main topics to help me grow on a professional level. Each topic attempted to provide specific examplesRead MoreReflection Paper On Self Reflection1514 Words   |  7 PagesSelf-Reflection paper I cannot help but think how useful this course has been. Reflecting on the content covered over the course of this semester I have seen growth, and how changes to my lesson plan have not only benefited every student, but also changed my focused on using different methods of instruction to fit the needs of every individual student. I truly enjoyed that the course was divided into main topics to help me grow on a professional level. Each topic attempted to provide specific examplesRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper1300 Words   |  6 Pagestoday as I sit down and write my first paper in almost 20 years. I’ve spent the last 10 years trying to be very concise in my communication, to the point and easy to skim the important facts to ensure what I need to get across will be read. The fact that I am having some emotional response to the stress related to routinely writing papers that ‘feel long’ is just a great example of some of what I learned from my MBTI/Firo B results . I have taken a number of self assessments over the years and MBTIRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper1375 Words   |  6 Pages Oral Counseling Proficiency Exam Self-Reflection Paper Kristie Hoppe Elizabethtown College â€Æ' In this paper I plan to briefly review what happened during the counseling demonstration. Next, I will discuss two basic counseling skills that I believe I used well, and one that I struggled with. Finally, I will discuss the next steps I will take in order to improve my counseling skills. In the counseling scenario, I counseled Chris who was a college student and a religious studies major attending ElizabethtownRead MoreSelf Reflection And Self Awareness Reflection Paper1054 Words   |  5 PagesCodependency: Self-Reflection and Self-Awareness Reflection Paper In the last several weeks, I had an opportunity to look back and analyze the events that has shaped my life. This was a unique experience where I was emotionally comfortable enough to look back at life. I was able too objectively revisit many events that were often buried and too painful to face. While doing this, I felt I had finally become free from the turmoil of fears of failure, anger, regret and isolation, which often cloudedRead MoreReflection Paper On Self Reflection1007 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-Reflection is very important it is just a matter of taking your time to think things out. In every situation that everybody is going through it’s important to stop and take a moment to reflect. I try to always stop and think before I do or say something that is going to harm me. Not only does it work to reflect when you are going through a fight. It’s important to reflect on school such in assignments and have better grades. Self-Reflection is going to make you a b etter person and help you makeRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper1067 Words   |  5 Pagesachieve if you believe that you will be successful; I found this statement to be true pertaining to myself over the process of these past few months. And that more than ever, if you really want to do something you’ll go ahead and do it. Motivation is self induced and drive is something that will come naturally when you’re doing the things that you love. Being a stage manager is a very interesting task (that could be because 95% of the time I had no idea what I was doing), however, it taught me moreRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper896 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-awareness is important in everyday life, for certain individuals, it can conduct an entire day of activities and decisions. This reflection of my self-awareness is based off personal positive and negative attributes which are a direct reflection of who I am as a person. To have an outside view of these attributes, I interview my girlfriend Stephanie Russo who is also my best friend. Stephanie has been close to me for the past three years as we grew as individuals. Because of this growing processRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper1478 Words   |  6 Pagessure we meet deadlines and initiate the planning of meetings. Throughout all of these varied experiences, I have gained and developed essential leadership skills, and I hope to use my skills to become a global leader. A global leader is someone who is self-aware and understanding of cultural differences and has a curiosity for life and the people in it. They are a confident, open, and enthusiastic presence; they create meaning in the relationships he or she builds. A global leader does their best toRead MoreSelf Reflection Paper1433 Words   |  6 Pageshighest scores were Artistic and Social and it means that I enjoy self-expression, people, helping, communication, culture and teamwork. It also states that I am very creative, verbal, artistic, understanding and I have musical abilities. I saw this even before the test, but I never fully accepted it until recently and now I know it’s something that I want to have within my career. The one common theme I keep getting throughout these self-assessments and activities is that I am extremely creative and

The Killer Angels and Slavery - 1591 Words

When a researcher studies the causes of most wars, the causes for nearly any war are usually innumerable. However, there are a select few wars that even in the presence of several different motives, one underlying object or ideal seems to always be the root of the problem. One prime example of this idea is the American Civil War wherein almost every individual soldier had a different reason for being on the battlefront. One nation whose people had grown into a melting pot had slowly been torn down the center for several decades before the inevitable war came. Slavery seemed to affect everything in the United States during the time leading up to, during, and even after the Civil War. Thus, the issue was unavoidable, and whatsoever conflict†¦show more content†¦Quite literally brothers had to fight brothers. This sort of warfare shook every solider, commander, and political leader down to their core as they gave the orders to, or actively engaged in combat. The average man who passionately watched the slave debates was now thrust into the combat, whether as a solider or a civilian in the crossfire. There is almost no other topic in the history of the United States that seeped down to every individual man s lifestyle and became a focus mentally and in the warfare in the way slavery did. The average man s point of view on slavery is shown in Michael Shaara s The Killer Angels through soldiers who fought and died over this very ideal. This book s perspective on the common viewpoint on slavery gives a deep insight on the people who didn t belong to the political extremes, which is a topic left out in history a decent amount of the time due to a possible lack of relevance seen by instructors or authors. Through this book it becomes visible how every man has is own just cause for fighting in the war, as shown in Chamberlain s speech that he gives to the soldiers that refused to fight wherein he states: Some of [them] volunteered to fight for the Union. Some ca me in mainly because [they] were bored at home and this looked like it might be fun. Some came because [they] were ashamed not to. Many of [them] came because it was the right thing to do (Shaara 29-30). Even with all theseShow MoreRelatedThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe book The Killer Angels was published in 1975 by the Ballatine Booksand was written by Michael Shaara. The Killer Angels is a historic novel about the time of the American Civil War, more specifically The Battle of Gettysburg. Shaara wrote this historical masterpiece with the sole purpose of letting the reader know exactly how the war was for the men actually putting their lives on the line to get this great country of America to the stature it is today. In order to accomplish his goal of creatingRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1290 Words   |  6 Pages The Killer Angels Essay â€Å"There is no honorable way to kill, no gentle way to destroy. There is nothing good in war. Except its ending.† Stated by Abraham Lincoln, this quote embodies the essence of war, its tragic character and unfortunate occasional necessity. Accordingly, the outcome of war and its battles is often determined by the attitudes of the leaders of the opposing sides, including their causes for the willingness to fight and to be fought. Such was the case with the Battle of GettysburgRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Abraham Lincoln1046 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst itself cannot stand.† Lincoln believes that there is no such thing as a balance between free and slave states and that the two contradictory governments are bound to fall. That describes the conflict that occurs in the fictional novel, The Killer Angels, a civil war story between the Union and Confederate states fighting to achieve the government they yearn for. The setting takes place in the midst of the Battle of Gettysburg as the two sides prepare for the fight. The Confederate officers include:Read MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1634 Words   |  7 PagesAuthor Background Pulitzer Prize-winning author Michael Shaara, the author of The Killer Angels, was born on June 23, 1928 in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was an author of science fiction, sports fiction, and historical fiction. Although writing was his passion, Shaara was very athletically successful in high school, winning more awards than any other student in the history of the school for sports such as basketball, track and baseball. He acquired a skill in boxing, and of the 18 matches ShaaraRead MoreThe Killer Angels by Michael Shaara Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesShaaras intent, it can be justifiably stated that he succeeds in his objective. The Killer Angels does not merely relate what assaults and defenses where made by which colonels and generals. Instead, the book delves into the emotions of the major figures of the battle and what they endured physically and mentally as they planned for assault, defense, or mere preservation of life. In this way, The Killer Angels aids the reader in unders tanding the causes for the Battle of Gettysburg and the incidentsRead MoreKiller Angels Essay1856 Words   |  8 Pagesevidence does he present to make his point? Do you agree or disagree with him? Trevor Jenke Professor Lockwood History 1301: M-W 12:30 2 December, 2013 Killer Angels Book Review 1. During the Civil War, there were two sides, the Confederate Army and the Union Army. While the Confederates fought for slavery, the Union fought for their freedom. While the Confederates fought for the continuance of state’s rights, the Union fought, the Union fought for what its name stood for, preservingRead MoreEssay about The Civil War1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Civil War The Civil War lasted 5 years, took 600,000 lives and yet there exists doubt in what is the main reason behind it. I myself feel that the major issue that triggered the war was slavery, which for the South threatened economy. I am going to discuss how issues of slavery existed before the war, how it was in the minds of soldiers during the war, and then still existed after the war. The North favored a loose interpretation of the United States Constitution, they wanted to grantRead MoreThe Killer Angels By John M. Skipper Essay781 Words   |  4 PagesHistory 1301 John M. Skipper The Killer Angels is a historic backstory of the days leading up to the Civil War. The story is told from multiple viewpoints including Robert E. Lee, James Longstreet, George Meade, and Winfield Scott Hancock. It is mentioned the Army of Northern Virginia is moving behind the Blue Ridge Mountains, and that the Army of Potomac is also moving, but is traveling very slow. This is one of the characteristics which plagued them throughout the war. ShaaraRead MoreEssay about The Killer Angels by Michael Shaara957 Words   |  4 Pages The killer angels is a world acclaimed novel that was written by an author known as Michael Shaara. In the year 1975, it was granted the Pulitzer Prize for creative writing. It gives us in details the occurrences of the four days in the Battle of Gettysburg. This was during the American Civil War that occurred in the year 1863. At this time, troops that comprised of both the Union and Confederacy were at war in town called Gettysburg in Pennsylvania. This is a piece of story that is driven by dispositionRead More The Killer Angels Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesWars have been fought for many different reasons through the years, and that holds true for the American Civil War (1861-1865). In Michael Shaaras Pulitzer Prize winning novel, The Killer Angels, the reasons for fighting the war are brought about through the officers and soldiers at a famous battle site of the Civil War, Gettysburg. Gettysburg was one of the most documented battles of the whole war. It took place over a sp an of three days and can be viewed as a turning point from Confederate

Keynesian Theory And The Difference Between Real And...

Economics is not only useful to those who use it to determine future outcomes for the world, but it is also an important part of society’s everyday life. We unknowingly understand concepts derived from economics when we are trying to make choices of what to buy, what to invest in, when to be conservative about spending, and much more. Understanding the Keynesian theory and the difference between real and nominal variables may not directly affect each other, but both play a part in how we relate economics to our world. Keynesian theory is a concept developed by John Maynard Keynes, in which it is believed that governments should intervene with the economy and how it is dealt. Keynesian economists believe that saving beyond planned investments is a very serious problem that encourages recession. If saving goes beyond investments, there will not be enough demand to purchase the goods and services that the economy is producing. Therefore, leading into a recession, or worse – a depression. Keynesian economists believe that a government stimulus is more effective at boosting aggregate demand than a tax cut because they believe that government intervention is a way to stabilize an economy. When governments have programs to benefit people who are doing specific jobs, it will bring that money back into the economy, unlike tax cuts. If the spending is supported by tax increases then this will reduce people s incomes after tax, which will ultimately lead them to reduce theirShow MoreRelatedMilton Friedman and His Contribution For The Economic Field Essay1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe Field of Economic Policy and The field of the theory of comparative economic systems. The Field of Pure Economics and Economic Analysis Methodology Theory of money is the core of Friedman’s contribution to pure economic theory. Monetarists declared the slogan â€Å"money matters† or even â€Å"only money matters† and money is placed at the centre of their analyses. An exceptionally important contribution of Friedman’s to the theory of money is his Theory of the demand for money. On the basis of his ownRead MoreThe Quantity Theory Of Money And Taylor s Rules1497 Words   |  6 PagesThe quantity theory of money and Taylor’s rules offer quite different perceptions about â€Å"[to what] extent the structural models should enter the monetary policy decision-making process†()that they appear to be on opposite ends of the spectrum on the issue of monetary policy rules. The quantity theory of money, as restated by Friedman, leads to a constant money growth rule. Monetarists believe that â€Å"variation in the money supply has major influences on national real output in the short run and theRead MoreThe Oil Crisis in the Seventies and The Monetary Policy1894 Words   |  8 PagesCountries) proclaiming a severe restriction in the oil’s supply. Regarding to the macroeconomic theory, at this point the dominant one was still the Keynesian macroeconomics, even though the monetarist theories, coming especially from relevant articles like Friedman (1959, 1968) or Friedman and Schwartz (1969), were starting to get widely accepted by many economists. At this point, most of the Keynesian economists thought that the role of the government in the economy was to play successfully withRead MoreClassical Economics And Keynesian Economics1898 Words   |  8 PagesEconomics and Keynesian Economics. Names such as Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Jean-Baptiste Say, among several others are commonly associated with Classical economic thinking; meanwhile, one ‘key’ name associated with the Keynesian model is, as its title suggests, John Maynard Keynes. The goal of each of the two schools of thought is to predict the state of an economy and the appropriate responses of a few chief parties to it. Overall, although there is occasional d eference from Keynesian to ClassicalRead MoreThe Keynesian School Of Economic Thought1948 Words   |  8 Pagestrades. The foundations of this learning process has also came from theories on how to manage and control the economy. This has been built from several thinkers and theorist implanting their ideas into action and having results in the prosperity or failure of an economy. As these theories have evolved as well and some with great prosperity they have been recognized and titled as the Keynesian School of Economic Thought as this is a theory believing aggregate demand is influenced by public and privateRead MoreBiography . Irving Fisher, Is An American Economist, Who1635 Words   |  7 Pagesthat he must be a strong and helpful member of society. His mathematical skills allowed him to become admitted to Yale University, however after a week of starting school, his father passed away. From this point on, Fisher was determined to make a difference in society and support his mo ther and brother. In 1888, he graduated with a B.A and was a member of the prestigious, Skull Bones society. Although Fisher’s major discipline was Mathematics, his true passion was economics, thus resulting him writingRead MoreIntroduction to Macroeconomics4023 Words   |  17 PagesThere is also the â€Å"foreign exchange† market, but let us ignore this for the moment (effectively, let us assume for the time being that the economy we are examining is a closed economy). As microeconomics studies these markets, it would focus on variables like the price of the good or service observed in each market together with quantity (or physical amount) of the good produced and sold in that market: Microeconomics... studies... and tries to explain... market for hazelnut price ofRead MoreRelationship Between Unemployment And Inflation2301 Words   |  10 PagesThe relationship between unemployment and inflation has been the subject of heated debate, stimulate academic divide between macroeconomics because the relationship is difficult to explain. Rational expectations have been proposed by the new classical school of thought, there is not even a short-term trade-off between inflation and unemployment expected. Only a compromise when inflation is unanticipated. We think there is a compromise between the two, even in the short term, regardless of the factRead MoreThe Demand For Money Has Been An Essential Part Of Economics1781 Words   |  8 Pagesbeginning of economics, even though minimal attention was given to it before the 1920s. This apparent lack of thought appears to have dramatically changed since the Great Depression of early 1930’s. These crises have lured special attention in monetary theory and consequently an equally particular attention has been focused on the demand for money. Today, over sixty years after these crises, interest on the causation of the failure of governments and depression, and the monetary authorities to preventRead MoreInflation Is An Important Issue For Both Monetary Policy Makers And The Phillips Curve By John M. Roberts3648 Words   |  15 Pagesand George Moore and New Keynesian Economics and the Phillips Curve by John M. Roberts. We are going to follow the idea of Roberts (1995) and use the model in â€Å"Monetary Theory and Policy† second edition written by Carl E. Walsh. Section 1 gives the reason why inflation persistence is important. And also briefly introduce three different models that are summarized within the paper of Fuhrer and Moore (1995) and the book of Walsh. Section 2 introduces two kind of New Keynesian Phillips Curve deriving

Interaction Sales and Ce Manager Free Essays

Front Office Interaction with Other Departments in the Hotel The front of? ce staffs interacts with all departments of the hotel, including marketing and sales, housekeeping, food and beverage, banquet, controller, maintenance, security, and human resources. These departments view the front of? ce as a communication liaison in providing guest services. Each of the departments has a unique communication link with the front office staff. We will write a custom essay sample on Interaction: Sales and Ce Manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now Food and Beverage Department  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Communication between the food and beverage department and the front of? e is also essential. Some of this communication is conveyed by relaying messages and providing accurate information on transfers, which are forms used to communicate a charge to a guest’s account. Communication activities also include reporting predicted house counts, an estimate of the number of guests expected to register based on previous occupancy activities, and processing requests for paid-outs, forms used to indicate the amounts of monies paid out of the cashier’s drawer on behalf of a guest or an employee of the hotel.These vital services help an overworked food and beverage manager, restaurant manager, or banquet captain meet the demands of the public. Incoming messages for the food and beverage manager and executive chef from vendors and other industry representatives are important to the business operation of the food and beverage department. If the switchboard operator is given instructions on screening callers (such as times when the executive chef cannot be disturbed because of a busy workload or staff meetings, or vendors in whom the chef is not interested), the important messages will receive top priority.In a hotel that has point-of-sale terminals, computerized cash registers that interface with a property management system, information on guest charges is automatically posted to a guest’s folio, his or her record of charges and payments. When a hotel does not have point-of-sale terminals that interface with PMS point-of-sale terminals, the desk clerk is responsible for posting accurate charges on the guest folio and relies on transfer slips. Also, the night auditor’s job is made easier if the transfer slip is accurately prepared and posted.The front of? ce manager should work with the food and beverage director in developing standard operating procedures and methods to complete the transfer of charge s. The supervisors in the food and beverage department rely on the predicted house count prepared by the front of? ce manager to schedule employees and predict sales. For ex- ample, the restaurant supervisor working the breakfast shift will want to know how many guests will be in the hotel so he or she can determine how many servers to schedule for breakfast service. Timely and accurate preparation of this communication tool assists in staffing control and sales predictions. Authorized members of the food and beverage department will occasionally ask the front of? ce for cash, in the form of a paid-out, to purchase last-minute items for a banquet, the lounge, or the restaurant or to take advantage of other unplanned opportunities to promote hospitality. Specific guidelines concerning cash limits, turnaround time, prior approval, authorized signatures, and purchase receipts are developed by the general manager and front of? ce manager.These guidelines help to maintain control of paid-outs. Banquet Department The banquet department, which often combines the functions of a marketing and sales department and a food and beverage department, requires the front office to relay information to guests about scheduled events and bill payment. The front desk staff may also provide labour to prepare the daily announcement board, an inside listing of the daily activities of the hotel (time, group, and room assignment), and marquee, the curb side message board, which includes the logo of the hotel and space for a message.Since the majority of banquet guests may not be registered guests in the hotel, the front office provides a logical communications centre. The daily posting of scheduled events on a felt board or an electronic bulletin board provides all guests and employees with information on group events. The preparation of the marquee may include congratulatory, welcome, sales promotion, or other important messages. In some hotels, an employee in the front office contacts the marketing and sales department for the message. The banquet guest who is unfamiliar with the hotel property will ask at the front of? e for directions. This service might seem minor in the overall delivery of service, but it is essential to the lost or confused guest. The front of? ce staff must know both how to direct guests to particular meeting rooms or reception areas and which functions are being held in which rooms. Front desk clerks, as shown in Figure 3-2, must be ready to provide information for all departmental activities in the hotel. The person responsible for paying the bills for a special event wills also ? nd his or her way to the front of? ce to settle the city ledger accounts.If the banquet captain is not able to present the bill for the function, the front desk clerk should be informed about the specifics of food and beverage charges, gratuities, rental charges, method of payment, and the like. Marketing and Sales Department  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The marketing and sales department relies on the front of? ce to provide data on guest histories, details concerning each guest’s visit. Some of the information gathered is based on zip code, frequency of visits, corporate affiliation, special needs, and reservations for sleeping rooms.It is also the front office’s job to make a good ? rst impression on the public, to relay messages, and to meet the requests of guests who are usin g the hotel for meetings, seminars, and banquets. The guest history is a valuable resource for marketing and sales, which use the guest registration information to target marketing campaigns, develop promotions, prepare mailing labels, and select appropriate advertising media. The front of? ce staff must make every effort to keep this database current and accurate. The process of completing the booking of a special function (such as a wedding reception, convention, or seminar) depends on the availability of sleeping rooms for guests. The marketing and sales executives may have to check the lists of available rooms three, six, or even twelve months in the future to be sure the hotel can accommodate the expected number of guests. A database of available rooms is maintained in the property management system by the front of? ce. The ? rst guest contact with the marketing and sales department is usually through the hotel’s switchboard.A competent switchboard operator who is friendly and knowledge- able about hotel operations and personnel will make a good ? rst impression, conveying to the prospective client that this hotel is competent. When the guest ? nally arrives for the function, the ? rst contact with the hotel is usually through the front of? ce staff. The front of? ce manager who makes the effort to determine which banquet supervisor is in charge and communicates that information to the desk clerk on duty demonstrates to the public that this hotel is dedicated to providing hospitality. Messages for the marketing and ales department must be relayed completely, accurately, and quickly. The switchboard operator is a vital link in the communication between the prospective client and a salesperson in the marketing and sales department.The front of? ce manager should instruct all new personnel in the front of? ce about the staff in the marketing and sales department and what each person’s job entails (this applies to all departments in the hotel, not just marketing and sales). Front of? ce employees should know how to pronounce the names of all marketing and sales employees. To help front of? e staff become familiar with all these people, managers should show new employees pictures of the department directors and supervisors. Requests for service at meetings, seminars, banquets, and the like are often made at the front of? ce. The banquet manager, a person who is responsible for fulfilling the details of service for a banquet or special event, or sales associate, a person who books the guest’s requirements for banquets and other special events, might be busy with another function. If a guest needs an extension cord or an electrical outlet malfunctions, the front desk staff must be ready to meet the guest’s needs.The front of? ce manager should establish standard operating procedures for the front of? ce employees to contact maintenance, house- keeping, marketing and sales, or the food and beverage department to meet other common requests. Knowing how to ? nd a small tool kit, adapters, adhesive materials, extra table covers, or window cleaner will help the guest and will save the time involved in tracking down the salesperson in charge. Housekeeping Department Guestrooms in lodging properties are sold by the front office.The front desk must know at every given moment what rooms have been cleaned and are available for occupancy. Housekeeping must provide the front desk with a listing of rooms that are ready for occupancy so guests can be checked in. If the communication between the two departments is poor or breaks down, delays in guest check in will oc cur or people will be checked into rooms that are thought to be ready but that in fact are occupied or not ready. If this happens often, the property’s reputation will suffer. Housekeeping and the front of? ce communicate with each other about ousekeeping room status, the report on the availability of the rooms for immediate guest occupancy. Housekeeping room status can be described in the following communication terms: * Available Clean, or Ready—room is ready to be occupied * Occupied—guest or guests are already occupying a room * Stay over—guest will not be checking out of a room on the current day *Dirty or On-Change—guest has checked out of the room, but the housekeeping staff has not released the room for occupancy * Out-of-Order—room is not available for occupancy because of a mechanical Malfunction Housekeeping and the front of? e also communicate on the details of potential house count (a report of the number of guests registered in the hotel), security concerns, and requests for amenities (personal toiletry items such as shampoo, toothpaste, m outhwash, and electrical equipment). These issues are of immediate concern to the guest as well as to supervisors in the hotel. Reporting of room status is handled on a face-to-face basis in a hotel that does not use a property management system (PMS). The bihourly or hourly visits of the house- keeper to the front desk clerk are a familiar scene in such a hotel.The official reporting of room status at the end of the day is accomplished with a housekeeper’s room report—a report prepared by the housekeeper that lists the guest room occupancy status as vacant, occupied, or out-of-order. Sometimes even regular reporting of room status is not adequate, as guests may be anxiously awaiting the opportunity to occupy a room. On these occasions, the front desk clerk will have to telephone the ? oor supervisor to determine when the servicing of a room will be completed.The housekeeper relies on the room sales projections—a weekly report prepared and distributed by the front of? ce manager that indicates the number of departures, arrivals, walk-ins, stay over, and no-shows—to schedule employees. Timely distribution of the room sales projections assists the executive housekeeper in planning employee personal leaves and vacation days. The front desk also relies on housekeeping personnel to report any unusual circumstances that may indicate a violation of security for the guests.For example, if a maid or houseman notices obviously non-registered guests on a ? oor, a ? re exit that has been propped open, or sounds of a domestic disturbance in a guest room, he or s he must report these potential security violations to the front of? ce. The front of? ce staff, in turn, will relay the problem to the proper in-house or civil authority. The front of? ce manager may want to direct the front desk clerks and switchboard operators to call ? oor supervisors on a regular basis to check activity on the guest ? oors.Guest requests for additional or special amenities and guest room supplies may be initiated at the front desk. The prompt relay of requests for extra blankets, towels, soap, and shampoo to housekeeping is essential. This is hospitality at its best. Human Resources Management Department The human resources management department may rely on the front office staff to act as an initial point of contact for potential employees in all departments. It may even ask the front office to screen job candidates. If so, guidelines for and training in screening methods must be provided. Some directors of human resources management depend on the front office to distribute application forms and other personnel-related information to job applicants. The potential employee may ask for directions to the personnel office at the front desk. The human resources management department may also develop guidelines for the front desk clerk to use in initially screening candidates. For example, the guidelines may include concerns about personal hygiene, completion of an application, education requirements, experience, and citizenship status.This information will help the executives in the human resources management department interview potential job candidates Security Department Communications between the security department and the front office are very important in providing hospitality to the guest. These departments work together very closely in maintaining guest security. Fire safety measures and emergency communication systems as well as procedures for routine investigatio n of guest security concerns require the cooperation of these departments. How to cite Interaction: Sales and Ce Manager, Papers